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...are designed to measure simultaneously O₂ flux and the Q-redox state in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized cells. ...t D072]] simultaneous determination of O₂ flux and the Q-redox state in isolated mitochondria and cells permeabilized previously to addition to

...er electron transfer pathways are also analyzed in OXPHOS (FN, FNS) and ET-state (FNS, S). :::+ The protocol provides information on F-pathway in OXPHOS state with palmitoylcarnitine, a long-chain acylcarnitine commonly found ''in viv

...er electron transfer pathways are also analyzed in OXPHOS (FN, FNS) and ET-state (FNS, S). :::+ The protocol provides information on F-pathway in OXPHOS state with palmitoylcarnitine, a long-chain acylcarnitine commonly found ''in viv

...r W (2016) Adapting high-resolution respirometry to glucose-limited steady state mycelium of the filamentous fungus ''Penicillium ochrochloron'': method dev ...lium and a direct transfer of a broth sample into the respirometer. Steady state respiration was 29% below its maximum respiratory capacity. Additionally to

...of the Q-junction, respectively, impacts the relation between the Q redox state and O₂ flux in opposite directions. Therefore, our aim was to ch ...he NextGen-O2k with Q-Module to measure O₂ flux and the Q redox state simultaneously, using CoQ₂ as a probe [3]. Cryopreserved HEK 293

...tate| S]] and [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state| N-]] pathway control state. ...s to be determined. Higher concentrations of oligomycin may inhibit the ET state.

...O₂ flux, H₂O₂ flux, and coenzyme Q redox state. AussieMit 2018 Melbourne AU. ...an altered Q redox state. We analyzed the relationship between the Q redox state, H₂O₂ and O₂ fluxes with fuel substrates p

...coli leads to a corresponding decrease in the enzyme's operational steady-state affinity for O2. This demonstrates directly that fast electron transfer bet

...Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit: ...omlodi_2021_MitoFit_Q.pdf Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria]

...getic fingerprinting with coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in permeabilized HEK 293T cells. 56^th Annual Sci We characterised the Q redox state in pathway and coupling control using the Oroboros NextGen-O2k with the ele

! Respiratory state ...ate with type N substrates, N_''L'': Non-phosphorylating resting state with NADH-linked (type N) substrates pyruvate&glutamate&malate (PGM; withou

...support NADH-linked respiration. Oligomycin (Omy) is used to induce a LEAK state of respiration via the inhibition of the ATP synthase. Since higher concent ...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state.

...that supports succinate-linked respiration (succinate-induced respiratory state; previously used nomenclature: CII-linked respiration; SRot; see [[Gnaiger The S-pathway control state is usually induced in mt-preparations by addition of succinate&rotenone. In

|abbr=''ET-pathway state'' ...state]]s. [[Coupling-control state]]s require [[Electron-transfer-pathway state|ET-pathway competent states]], including oxygen supply. [[Categories of SUI

...f the ATP synthase. Since higher concentrations of Omy can decrease the ET state induced upon addition of uncoupler, the required concentration of Omy has t ...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state.

...f the ATP synthase. Since higher concentrations of Omy can decrease the ET state induced upon addition of uncoupler, the required concentration of Omy has t ...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state.

...ate]] of respiration, whereas the cytochromes are in a more oxidized redox state. |mitopedia concept=Respiratory state, Find

...(NS > S). However, in some types of mitochondria, rotenone added in the NS-state elicits a paradoxical increase in ''J''_O₂, revealing ::::# Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA - [email protected]

...in the LEAK state. Pyruvate (P) supports [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state|NADH-pathway (N)]], and usually in the presence of ADP it does not increase ...s protocol is designed to evaluate RET in the S-linked pathway in the LEAK state, which is decreased by ADP due to reduction of the mt-membrane potential.

...s: Continuous monitoring of pull and push control of respiration and redox state of the Q-mimetic CoQ₂. Q10 Hamburg. ...mplemented into the Oroboros NextGen-O2k to monitor continuously the redox state of CoQ2 added as a Q-mimetic simultaneously with O2 consumption (Komlódi e

...without the involvement of the [[complex II]] ([[Succinate pathway control state| S-pathway]]). It can be useful to understand the contribution and the acti ...pathway state| N-pathway]] is lower and of the [[Succinate pathway control state| S-pathway]] is higher with GM compared to PM (GMP is inhibited by the CII

Let's face it: even the state-of-the-art terminology and the many inconsistent variations are not commonl An even worse mistake: we say ‘[[Complex I&II-linked substrate state |CI<small>&</small>II]]’ (or a previous mistake: ‘CI+II’: ''are the t

...nterpart of the soluble mitochondrial cytochrome c, in a so-called "closed state," in which electrons are translocated from the bcc to the aa3 domain. The s

...-[[ET capacity| ''E'']]) with NADH-linked substrates ([[PM-pathway control state|PM]] and PGM)''' ...may be relevant in the presence of [[glutamate-anaplerotic pathway control state]]. SUIT-012 can be extended with the CIV assay module.

...n level of pyridine nucleotide than was observed aerobically in state 4. These observations suggest that the presence of adenosine 5’

...Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. Bioenerg Commun 2021.3. https://d ...same manner as Q at Complexes CI, CII and CIII. The CoQ₂ redox state is monitored amperometrically with the working electrode, which is poised a

...f mitochondrial respiration, H₂O₂ flux and the redox state of the Q-pool. ...Q-pool [1]. We aimed at investigating the relationship between the Q redox state, H₂O₂ and O₂ fluxes with various fuel subs

...combinations for N-pathway control state; S or RotS for S-pathway control state.

...ty of the cyanide-resistant pathway. The relation between rate and Q redox state for the external NADH dehydrogenase in potato callus mitochondria was found ...spiration rate is proportional to the redox state of the Q-pool. - ''redox state expressed as QH₂ fraction''

...nitoring of respiration together with NAD(P)H autofluorescence and Q-redox state [1] provides unique analytical and diagnostic power in the study of mitocho ...Rich PR, Gnaiger E (2021) Coupling and pathway control of coenzyme Q redox state and respiration in isolated mitochondria. https://doi.org/10.26124/bec:2021

...ectron transfer. Further, the short-lived anionic flavin semiquinone (ASQ) state of b-FAD is essential for electron bifurcation. Nfn homologs are widely dis

...is necessary to prevent a large decrease in oxygen affinity in the active state. Upregulation of oxygen affinity provides a functional explanation of the e ...t from definitions by Chance, Williams 1955) has the meaning of a [[LEAK]] state of respiration, without added adenylates (no ADP and no ATP) in the presenc

...herapies. Here, we have investigated the impact of mitochondrial metabolic state on the probability and consequences of mPTP opening. Isolated mitochondria

...reduces the Q pool almost entirely (>90 %) irrespective of the respiratory state. AOX enhances the forward electron transfer (FET) from CII thereby decreasi |topics=Redox state, Q-junction effect

...s dramatically. Pyruvate (P) supports the [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state|NADH-pathway]] and thus the convergent NS-pathway with little further effec ...s protocol is designed to evaluate RET in the S-linked pathway in the LEAK state, which is decreased by ADP due to reduction of the protonmotive force, ''pm

...tate appropriately. Since higher concentrations of Omy can decrease the ET state induced upon addition of uncoupler, the required concentration of Omy has t ...tential measurements, choose [[SUIT-006 Fluo mt D034]]. For O2 and Q redox state measurements, choose [[SUIT-006 Q mt D071]] or [[SUIT-006 Q ce-pce D073]].

...te in the matrix as substrates for NS-pathway control. This physiological state is reconsituted in mitochondrial preparations by external NS-substrate supp :::::* MitoPedia:» [[Electron-transfer-pathway state#Terminology: from CI- and CII-linked to N and S]]

...lision model) and Q tightly bound to supercomplexes according to the solid-state model. The two models describe the extremes in a continuum of homogenous or ..._hom || homogenous pool of ETS-reactive Q according to the fluid-state model (random-collision model) || || 1, 4, 5

...hich leads to an overestimation of LEAK respiration, when comparing [[LEAK state without adenylates|''L''(n)]] and [[LEAK respiration|''L''(Omy)]]. Tissue h ...ther N-pathway substrate combinations; S or RotS for the S-pathway control state.

...iacetate. ROS production by Complex I is strictly related to its inhibited state. Our results indicate that different Complex I inhibitors can be grouped in

...n isolated mitochondria, myotubes and exercising humans. Performing steady-state respirometry with isolated mitochondria we found that oxygen limitation of |topics=Calcium, mt-Membrane potential, Oxygen kinetics, Redox state

...ations of succinate and is thought not to occur when NAD is in the reduced state. However, very few studies have examined the rates of superoxide production

...the SUIT-003 O2 ce D061 protocol allows evaluating the [[coupling control state |coupling control]] of living cells. Respiratory capacities are tested in a

...n in the LEAK state. Pyruvate (P) promotes[[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state|NADH-pathway (N)]], and usually in the presence of ADP, H₂O<sub ...ub>2</sub>O₂ flux on the mt-membrane potantial on the N-control state in isolated mitochondria, tissue homogenate and permeabilized cells (alread

...ects on oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial membrane potential, redox state of coenzyme Q, and calcium uptake. EU-METAHEART MC2 Meeting 2024 Antalya TR ...₂ levels in studies of isolated mitochondria. Performing steady-state respirometry with isolated mouse cardiac mitochondria [2] we found that oxy

...sed [[Mitochondrial membrane potential|mt-membrane potential]] in the LEAK state. ...tate| S]] and [[NADH Electron transfer-pathway state| N-]] pathway control state.

...ni''. We observed that the oxygen consumption associated with the electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) is significantly lower in females than in males. This phenomen |topics=Aerobic glycolysis, Redox state

...n2+ inhibition of complex I is high (10-50 microm, depending on the enzyme state); therefore, complex I is unlikely to be a major site for zinc inhibition o

...e ET pathways with FNSGpCIV. Schematic representation of multiple electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) pathways. Electrons converge at the Q-junction from Complex I ...ol and the subsequent linear sequence of pathway control in the ET-pathway state. RP2) RP2 has a focus on OXPHOS capacity of fatty acid oxidation (F-pathway

...b>2</sub></sub> || 1 || P»/O₂ ratio measured in any respiratory state; Section 1.6; Eq. 3.4 | coupling control state || [[Coupling control state]] || CCS || - || Section 2.4.1

..., there was a substantial increase in respiratory capacity of the Electron transfer-pathway from day 1 to 2 to day 6 to 7 as well as compared to controls in both intac ...ing uncoupling of platelet mitochondria without inhibition of the Electron transfer-pathway. The mitochondrial uncoupling was paralleled by a gradual and substantial i

...e addition of defined fuel substrates to establish an ET-pathway competent state. » [[#Why ET capacity, why not State 3u.3F | '''MiPNet article''']]

...s]]. Complementary to [[pathway control state]]s (PCS), [[coupling control state]]s (CCS: ET, OXPHOS, LEAK) are defined in mt-preparations, and the correspo ...basis, the classical [[respiratory acceptor control ratio]] (RCR = State 3/State 4 respiration) has to be replaced by the biochemical coupling efficiency, d

...y transfer, Light harvesting, Photosynthesis, Red chlorophylls Regulation, State transitions

.... There were inverse correlations between race time and N-linked substrate state PRE-POST, and changes in CK and LDH levels were significantly related to PL

...3 SNPs can explain 31, 13, and 18% of the phenotypic variation in state 3, state 4, and P:O ratio, respectively. Most of the genes tagged by the SNPs are in

...te| FAO-pathway]]. In the presence of [[Malate-anaplerotic pathway control state|anaplerotic pathways]] (''e.g.'', [[Malic enzyme|mitochondrial malic enzyme

...e ET pathways with FNSGpCIV. Schematic representation of multiple electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) pathways. Electrons converge at the Q-junction from Complex I ...ol and the subsequent linear sequence of pathway control in the ET-pathway state. RP2) RP2 has a focus on OXPHOS capacity of fatty acid oxidation (F-pathway

|abstract=The study aimed to investigate how obesity and glycemic state affect mitochondrial respiration and ATP-generating pathways in mature huma ...In both depots, the respiratory capacity was not affected by the glycemic state. A positive correlation between BMI and adipocyte lactate release was measu

the electron transfer-pathway. carnitine or malate increase State 2 respiration (oxygen consumption

...from nuclear encoded genes to produce a functional mitochondrial electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway). Using permeabilized fibers of Drosophila expressing different |topics=ADP, Flux control, Inhibitor, Oxygen kinetics, Redox state, Substrate, Temperature, Uncoupler

...h (stimulated or un-inhibited) flux; ''Y_X'' is the [[background state]] at low flux, upon which ''X'' acts. ...x from ''Y_X'' to ''Z_X'' normalized for the reference state ''Z_X''.

...''see'' [[MitoPedia: Sample preparations]]) at [[Succinate pathway control state]].

...lation. Under these conditions, the increase of respiration in the OXPHOS state at constant ET capacity indicates a mitochondrial dysfunction after cold pr ...ux control ratios by internal normalization for oxygen flux in a reference state [2].

...ng the physiological mechanisms (e.g., alter LEAK, Complex I, and electron transfer-pathway capacity) used to achieve this enhanced metabolism.

...lex III, remains valid for the whole RC. The conditions for switching to a state with a high content of free radicals in Complex III were predicted based on |topics=mt-Membrane potential, Redox state

...rgetics are extended for measuring the upper limits of OXPHOS and Electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) capacity. Estimates of maximum mitochondrial performance (2) p ...rgetics are extended for measuring the upper limits of OXPHOS and Electron transfer-pathway (ET-pathway) capacity. Estimates of maximum mitochondrial performance (2) p

...ng of OXPHOS-capacity. This would be obscured when considerig the electron transfer-pathway (Fig. 1) or ET-capacity as being primarily controlled by the membrane-bound ...ADH&succinate (NS) pathway, and azide titrations in the NS-pathway control state or single step of CIV. As&TM, Ascorbate&TMPD. From Ref [8].

...f 16%, 26%, and 35% for the leak state, ADP-simulated state, and uncoupled state, respectively, relative to rates using B1. The common feature distinguishin ...way control state |Pyruvate&malate, PM]]: [[NADH electron transfer-pathway state |N-pathway]]

...ansfer in the mitochondrial respiratory chain: random collisions vs. solid state electron channeling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292:C1221-39. doi: 10.1152/a

...consequence, convergent electron flow from Complexes CI+II of the electron transfer-pathway ([[ET-pathway]]) to the [[Q-junction]] exerts an additive effect on flux [1 ...ation increases linearly with respiratory capacity controlled by metabolic state, from 0.2 to 1.6 µM determined by [[high-resolution respirometry]]. O<sub>

...nd were further diminished in uncoupled mitochondria respiring at electron transfer-pathway capacity. Simultaneous measurement of mitochondrial respiration and H<sub>2

...by an excess capacity of cytochrome ''c'' oxidase relative to the Electron transfer-pathway and a correspondingly low turnover rate of this enzyme, consistent with the ::::* [[State 2]] in this publication has the meaning of a [[LEAK]] state of respiration, without added adenylates (no ADP and no ATP) in the presenc

...of oxygen consumption, membrane potential, NADH, and the ubiquinone redox state were correlated to ProDH activity and F₁F_O-ATPase dir |topics=mt-Membrane potential, Redox state

...hondrial respiration is frequently corrected for ''Rox'' as the [[baseline state]]. Then, total [[ROUTINE]], [[LEAK respiration]], [[OXPHOS]] or [[Electron ...BEC MitoPathways]]), the [[REN]] state was not distinguished from the ROX state. However, in novel applications (Q-Module and NADH-Module), a distinction o

...SDH or Complex II) is the only enzyme participating both in the [[electron transfer-pathway]] (ET-pathway) and the [[tricarboxylic acid cycle]] (TCA cycle). Succinate ...ADP added to S(-Rot) inhibited oxygen consumption with respect to the LEAK state at low succinate concentration in guinea pig brain and heart, but even at h

...the mitochondrial inner membrane and measure the capacity of the electron transfer-pathway ([[Electron transfer pathway]], open-circuit operation of respiration). Int

...sub>=0.04. The study group also demonstrated lowered respiration in the ET-state (normalized for protein content): 12.31 (4.84) vs 16.48 (1.72) (pmol O<sub>

...lso advisable to either detect H₂O₂ flux at the same state for high (tissue hyperoxia; [O₂]> ~100-110 µM) and low (tissue ...end of the protocol to study the effect of oxygen concentration in the ROX state (in the presence of Ama) both on the O₂ and H₂O<sub>2

...oes fresh homogenate (used as a reference for cryopreservation) compare to state-of-the-art mitochondrial preparations of (human) skeletal muscle tissue? Ev

...easurement and expression of respiration vary ([[oxygen flux]] in the LEAK state, ''J''_O₂''L'', or [[oxygen flow]], ''I''<sub>O<sub>2< ...stem and in mt-preparations supported by an ET-pathway competent substrate state, exemplifed as the NS-pathway (CI<small>&</small>II-linked substrate supply

...nase reached after addition of 1 mM ADP correlates with the rate of active state respiration with NAD-dependent substrates. Therefore, this fluorimetric met

...bstrate, no significant difference was detected. At the same time the leak state without adenylates is higher in Wfs1KO in most muscles with both complex I

:» [[F-pathway control state]]

Moscow State University :::: Andrei started his scientific career at Moscow State University in the former USSR in 1964. He obtained his postdoctoral trainin

| solid model || ↔ || solid state model | random collision model || ↔ || liquid state model

...s ([[Permeabilized tissue or cells |pce]]). dce without substrate are in a state of ROX_dce. ...ected by extracellular succinate and ADP (SD); dce (with intact mt) are in state S_''P'',dce. ''Limitation'': In the absence of rotenone, S-OXPHOS

...ng its flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor when maintained in the reduced state in conditions of RET both ''in vitro'' and ''in vivo''. Here we investigate

...ols. Decreased ROUTINE respiration (P = 0.007) and oxygen flux in the LEAK state (P = 0.0203) were observed in patients with PD with substantia nigra hypere

...are added simultaneously, the increased electron flow through the Electron transfer-pathway ([[ET-capacity|''E'', non-coupled]]) allows the detection of respiratory in (1) Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA; Email: [email protected]

...). The convergent complex I+II, maximum uncoupled capacity of the electron transfer-pathway, uncoupled complex II and complex IV showed similar results when comparing

...logical dyscoupling is evaluated as a mitochondrial defect. The noncoupled state of maximum respiration is experimentally induced by titration of establishe

...of etomoxir on isolated liver mitochondria was also observed in the OXPHOS state, without minor inhibitory effect on FAO. These results suggest that FAO can ...in the presence of 200 µM etomoxir. (A) FCR in OXPHOS-state. (B) FCR in ET-state. The results are expressed as median and interquartile range of 4 independe

...dded to the chamber). The protocol is focused on [[LEAK respiration|LEAK]] state for the [[S-pathway]] to provide the conditions of high membrane potential ...an Event&Mark for the uncoupler titration (4U) after ADP (3D) to obtain ET-state.

...o zero in a fully coupled system. Maximal efficiency in the ADP-stimulated state of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is, however, not adaptive [1] and is ...g lower the efficiency and contribute to the control of flux in the OXPHOS state. ADP and inorganic phosphate do not equilibrate across the plasma membrane,

...lysed and complexome profiling was performed. The effect of conformational state (active/deactive (A/D) transition) of mitochondrial complex I on H<sub>2</s

...capacities with different substrates combinations in septic mice. Electron transfer-pathway ([[ET-pathway]]) capacity decreased also with the development of the diseas |topics=Redox state

'''MitoPedia''': [[ET capacity|electron transfer-pathway ''versus'' electron transport chain]] ...: Respiratory states |MitoPedia]]: [[LEAK respiration |'''Respiratory LEAK state: concept-linked terminology''']]

...icated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In particular, the NADH redox state is related to ROS production. Succinate is a substrate of succinate dehydro

...rometer using Amplex Ultrared [2]. In addition, respiration and NADH redox state were measured with a prototype NextGen-O2k, which combines high-resolution ...DP added to S inhibited oxygen consumption by 30% with respect to the LEAK state (SL), which is the so-called “succinate paradox” [3]. This paradox was