Curcumin

high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution

Curcumin

Description

Curcumin has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-coagulant and anti-infective effects. The protective effects of curcumin on rat heart mitochondrial injuries induced by in vitro anoxia–reoxygenation were evaluated by Xu et al 2013. It was found that curcumin added before anoxia or immediately prior to reoxygenation exhibited remarkable protective effects against anoxia–reoxygenation induced oxidative damage to mitochondria.

Reference: Xu et al 2013

Communicated by Doerrier C (2015-03-03).

Curcumin and mitObesity

Work in progress by Gnaiger E 2020-02-09 linked to a preprint in preparation on BME and mitObesity.

References: Curcumin

	Year	Reference	Organism	Tissue;cell
Siewiera 2022 Int J Mol Sci	2022	Siewiera K, Labieniec-Watala M, Kassassir H, Wolska N, Polak D, Watala C (2022) Potential role of mitochondria as modulators of blood platelet activation and reactivity in diabetes and effect of metformin on blood platelet bioenergetics and platelet activation. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073666	Rat	Platelet
LaMoia 2022 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	2022	LaMoia TE, Butrico GM, Kalpage HA, Goedeke L, Hubbard BT, Vatner DF, Gaspar RC, Zhang XM, Cline GW, Nakahara K, Woo S, Shimada A, Hüttemann M, Shulman GI (2022) Metformin, phenformin, and galegine inhibit complex IV activity and reduce glycerol-derived gluconeogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 119:e2122287119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2122287119
Zhao 2021 Trends Cancer	2021	Zhao H, Swanson KD, Zheng B (2021) Therapeutic repurposing of biguanides in cancer. Trends Cancer 7:714-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2021.03.001
Machado 2019 MitoFit Preprint Arch EA	2019	Machado Ivo F, Teodoro JS, Palmeira CM, Rolo AP (2019) Interplay between metformin and miR-378a-3p in cells under hyperglycaemia. https://doi.org/10.26124/mitofit:ea19.MiPSchool.0008
Teh 2019 Mol Cancer Ther	2019	Teh JT, Zhu WL, Newgard CB, Casey PJ, Wang M (2019) Respiratory capacity and reserve predict cell sensitivity to mitochondria inhibitors: mechanism-based markers to identify metformin-responsive cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 18:693-705.	Human Mouse	Other cell lines
Ruegsegger 2019 JCI Insight	2019	Ruegsegger GN, Vanderboom PM, Dasari S, Klaus KA, Kabiraj P, McCarthy CB, Lucchinetti CF, Nair KS (2019) Exercise and metformin counteract altered mitochondrial function in the insulin-resistant brain. JCI Insight 4:130681.	Mouse	Nervous system
Gabandé-Rodríguez 2019 Cells	2019	Gabandé-Rodríguez E, M Gómez de Las Heras M, Mittelbrunn M (2019) Control of inflammation by calorie restriction mimetics: on the crossroad of autophagy and mitochondria. Cells 2019;9:E82.
Kenny 2019 Circ Res	2019	Kenny HC, Abel ED (2019) Heart failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Circ Res 124:121–41.	Human	Heart
Arnoux 2018 Elife	2018	Arnoux I, Willam M, Griesche N, Krummeich J, Watari H, Offermann N, Weber S, Narayan Dey P, Chen C, Monteiro O, Buettner S, Meyer K, Bano D, Radyushkin K, Langston R, Lambert JJ, Wanker E, Methner A, Krauss S, Schweiger S, Stroh A (2018) Metformin reverses early cortical network dysfunction and behavior changes in Huntington's disease. Elife 7:e38744.	Mouse	Nervous system
Piel 2018 Intensive Care Med Exp	2018	Piel S, Ehinger JK, Chamkha I, Frostner EÅ, Sjövall F, Elmér E, Hansson MJ (2018) Bioenergetic bypass using cell-permeable succinate, but not methylene blue, attenuates metformin-induced lactate production. Intensive Care Med Exp 6:22.	Human	Platelet Blood cells
Konopka 2018 Aging Cell	2018	Konopka AR, Laurin JL, Schoenberg HM, Reid JJ, Castor WM, Wolff CA, Musci RV, Safairad OD, Linden MA, Biela LM, Bailey SM, Hamilton KL, Miller BF (2018) Metformin inhibits mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic exercise training in older adults. Aging Cell 18:e12880.	Human	Skeletal muscle
Tai 2018 Acta Pharm Sin B	2018	Tai Y, Li L, Peng X, Zhu J, Mao X, Qin N, Ma M, Huo R, Bai Y, Dong D (2018) Mitochondrial uncoupler BAM15 inhibits artery constriction and potently activates AMPK in vascular smooth muscle cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 8:909-18.	Mouse	Endothelial;epithelial;mesothelial cell
Machado-Neto 2018 Cell Death Dis	2018	Machado-Neto JA, Fenerich BA, Scopim-Ribeiro R, Eide CA, Coelho-Silva JL, Dechandt CRP, Fernandes JC, Rodrigues Alves APN, Scheucher PS, Simões BP, Alberici LC, de Figueiredo Pontes LL, Tognon CE, Druker BJ, Rego EM, Traina F (2018) Metformin exerts multitarget antileukemia activity in JAK2V617F-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cell Death Dis 9:311.	Human Mouse	Other cell lines
Wilmanns 2018 Mol Metab	2018	Wilmanns JC, Pandey R, Hon O, Chandran A, Schilling JM, Forte E, Wu Q, Cagnone G, Bais P, Philip V, Coleman D, Kocalis H, Archer SK, Pearson JT, Ramialison M, Heineke J, Patel HH, Rosenthal NA, Furtado MB, Costa MW (2018) Metformin intervention prevents cardiac dysfunction in a murine model of adult congenital heart disease. Mol Metab 20:102-14.	Mouse	Heart
Christensen 2018 Diabetes Metab Res Rev	2018	Christensen M, Schiffer TA, Gustafsson H, Krag SP, Nørregaard R, Palm F (2018) Metformin attenuates renal medullary hypoxia in diabetic nephropathy through uncoupling protein-2 inhibition. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 21:e3091.	Rat	Kidney
Rivas 2018 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab	2018	Rivas E, Herndon DN, Porter C, Meyer W, Suman OE. (2018) Short-term metformin and exercise training effects on strength, aerobic capacity, glycemic control, and mitochondrial function in children with burn injury.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 314(3):E232-E240.	Human	Skeletal muscle
Zhou 2018 Cell Death Dis	2018	Zhou C, Sun H, Zheng C, Gao J, Fu Q, Hu N, Shao X, Zhou Y, Xiong J, Nie K, Zhou H, Shen L, Fang H, Lyu J (2018) Oncogenic HSP60 regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to support Erk1/2 activation during pancreatic cancer cell growth. Cell Death Dis 9:161.	Human	Islet cell;pancreas;thymus Other cell lines
Schommers 2017 Mol Metab	2017	Schommers P, Thurau A, Bultmann-Mellin I, Guschlbauer M, Klatt AR, Rozman J, Klingenspor M, de Angelis MH, Alber J, Gründemann D, Sterner-Kock A, Wiesner RJ (2017) Metformin causes a futile intestinal-hepatic cycle which increases energy expenditure and slows down development of a type 2 diabetes-like state. Mol Metab 6:737-47.	Mouse
Pecinova 2017 Oxid Med Cell Longev	2017	Pecinova A, Drahota Z, Kovalcikova J, Kovarova N, Pecina P, Alan L, Zima M, Houstek J, Mracek T (2017) Pleiotropic effects of biguanides on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. Oxid Med Cell Longev 7038603.	Rat	Fat
Wetzel 2017 Thesis	2017	Wetzel MD (2017) Mechanism of metformin action in dermal fibroblasts. PhD Thesis 125.	Human	Fibroblast
Villani 2016 Mol Metab	2016	Villani LA, Smith BK, Marcinko K, Ford RJ, Broadfield LA, Green AE, Houde VP, Muti P, Tsakiridis T, Steinberg GR (2016) The diabetes medication Canagliflozin reduces cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting mitochondrial complex-I supported respiration. Mol Metab 5:1048-56.	Human	Genital
Cahova 2016 Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol	2016	Cahova M, Palenickova E, Dankova H, Sticova E, Burian M, Drahota Z, Cervinkova Z, Kucera O, Gladkova C, Stopka P, Krizova J, Papackova Z, Oliyarnyk O, Kazdova L (2016) Metformin prevents ischemia reperfusion-induced oxidative stress in the fatty liver by attenuation of reactive oxygen species formation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 309:G100-11.	Rat	Liver
Cheng 2016 Nat Immunol	2016	Cheng SC, Scicluna BP, Arts RJ, Gresnigt MS, Lachmandas E, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kox M, Manjeri GR, Wagenaars JA, Cremer OL, Leentjens J, van der Meer AJ, van de Veerdonk FL, Bonten MJ, Schultz MJ, Willems PH, Pickkers P, Joosten LA, van der Poll T, Netea MG (2016) Broad defects in the energy metabolism of leukocytes underlie immunoparalysis in sepsis. Nat Immunol 17:406-13.	Human	Blood cells Lymphocyte
Timmers 2016 Diabetes Care	2016	Timmers S, de Ligt M, Phielix E, van de Weijer T, Hansen J, Moonen-Kornips E, Schaart G, Kunz I, Hesselink MK, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Schrauwen P (2016) Resveratrol as add-on therapy in subjects with well-controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 39:2211-17.	Human	Skeletal muscle
Rajh 2016 PLOS ONE	2016	Rajh M, Dolinar K, Miš K, Pavlin M, Pirkmajer (2016) Medium renewal blocks antiproliferative effects of metformin in cultured MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. PLOS ONE 11:e0154747.	Human	Genital Other cell lines
Alcocer-Gomez 2016 Biochim Biophys Acta	2016	Alcocer-Gómez E, Garrido-Maraver J, Bullón P, Marín-Aguilar F, Cotán D, Carrión AM, Alvarez-Suarez JM, Giampieri F, Sánchez-Alcazar JA, Battino M, Cordero MD (2016) Metformin and caloric restriction induce an AMPK-dependent restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction in fibroblasts from Fibromyalgia patient. Biochim Biophys Acta 1852:1257-67.	Mouse	Fibroblast
Cheng 2014 Science	2014	Cheng SC, Quintin J, Cramer RA, Shepardson KM, Saeed S, Kumar V, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Martens JH, Rao NA, Aghajanirefah A, Manjeri GR6, Li Y, Ifrim DC, Arts RJ, van der Meer BM, Deen PM, Logie C, O'Neill LA, Willems P, van de Veerdonk FL, van der Meer JW, Ng A, Joosten LA, Wijmenga C, Stunnenberg HG, Xavier RJ, Netea MG (2014) mTOR- and HIF-1 α–mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity. Science 345:1250684.	Human	Blood cells Other cell lines
Piel 2014 Acta Physiol (Oxf)	2014	Piel S, Ehinger JK, Elmér E, Hansson Magnus J (2014) Metformin induces lactate production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets through specific mitochondrial Complex I inhibition. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 213:171-80.	Human	Blood cells Other cell lines Platelet
Drahota 2014 Physiol Res	2014	Drahota Z, Palenickova E, Endlicher R, Milerova M, Brejchova J, Vosahlikova M, Svoboda P, Kazdova L, Kalous M, Cervinkova Z, Cahova M (2014) Biguanides inhibit Complex I, II and IV of rat liver mitochondria and modify their functional properties. Physiol Res 63:1-11.	Rat	Liver
Svendsen 2014 Thesis	2014	Svendsen PF (2014) Metabolic aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity. Thesis Copenhagen University Hospital:38 pp.	Human
Wessels 2014 PLoS One	2014	Wessels B, Ciapaite J, van den Broek NMA, Nicolay K, Prompers JJ (2014) Metformin impairs mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle of both lean and diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. PLoS One 9:e100525.	Rat	Skeletal muscle
Kristensen 2013 PLoS One	2013	Kristensen JM, Larsen S, Helge JW, Dela F, Wojtaszewski JFP (2013) Two weeks of metformin treatment enhances mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle of AMPK kinase dead but not wild type mice. PLoS One 8:e53533.	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
Palenickova 2011 Physiol Res	2011	Palenickova E, Cahova M, Drahota Z, Kazdova L, Kalous M (2011) Inhibitory effect of metformin on oxidation of NADH-dependent substrates in rat liver homogenate. Physiol Res 60:835-9.	Rat	Liver
Benes 2011 Clin Sci (Lond)	2011	Benes J, Kazdova L, Drahota Z, Houstek J, Medrikova D, Kopecky J, Kovarova N, Vrbacky M, Sedmera D, Strnad H, Kolar M, Petrak J, Benada O, Skaroupkova P, Cervenka L, Melenovsky V (2011) Effect of metformin therapy on cardiac function and survival in a volume-overload model of heart failure in rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 121:29-41.	Rat	Heart
Kane 2010 Free Radic Biol Med	2010	Kane DA, Anderson EJ, Price III JW, Woodlief TL, Lin C-T, Bikman BT, Cortright RN, Neufer PD (2010) Metformin selectively attenuates mitochondrial H2O2 emission without affecting respiratory capacity in skeletal muscle of obese rats. Free Radic Biol Med 49:1082–7.	Rat	Skeletal muscle
Morota 2009 Exp Neurol	2009	Morota S, Månsson R, Hansson Magnus J, Kasuya K, Shimazu M, Hasegawa E, Yanagi S, Omi A, Uchino H, Elmér E (2009) Evaluation of putative inhibitors of mitochondrial permeability transition for brain disorders-specificity vs. toxicity. Exp Neurol 218:353-62.	Human	Liver
Canto 2009 Nature	2009	Cantó AC, Gerhart-Hines Z, Feige JN, Lagouge M, Noriega L, Milne JC, Elliott PJ, Puigserver P, Auwerx J (2009) AMPK regulates energy expenditure by modulating NAD+ metabolism and SIRT1 activity. Nature 458:1056-60.	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
Brunmair 2004 Diabetes	2004	Brunmair B, Staniek K, Gras F, Scharf N, Althaym A, Clara R, Roden M, Gnaiger E, Nohl H, Waldhäusl W, Fürnsinn C (2004) Thiazolidinediones, like metformin, inhibit respiratory Complex I: a common mechanism contributing to their antidiabetic actions? Diabetes 53:1052-9.	Rat	Skeletal muscle Liver
El-Mir 2000 J Biol Chem	2000	El-Mir MY, Nogueira V, Fontaine E, Avéret N, Rigoulet M, Leverve X (2000) Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain Complex I. J Biol Chem 275:223-8. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.1.223	Rat

	Year	Reference	Organism	Tissue;cell
Pavlovic 2019 MiP2019	2019	Effects of therapeutic metformin concentration on mitochondria in muscle cells.	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
Avram 2019 MiP2019	2019	Cell-permeable succinate bypasses statin-induced decrease in mitochondrial ATP-generating respiration in human platelets.	Human	Platelet
Jeremic 2019 MiP2019	2019	Neurotoxic effect of extracellular alpha-synuclein can be alleviated by AMPK and autophagy.	Human	Neuroblastoma
Avram 2018 MiP2018	2018	Cell-permeable succinate bypasses statin-induced mitochondrial complex I inhibition in human platelets. Avram_Presentation	Human	Platelet
Siewiera 2018 MiPschool Tromso E2	2018	Effect of metformin treatment on blood platelet bioenergetics and platelet function in STZ-diabetic and non-diabetic rats.	Rat	Platelet
Konopka 2018 FASEB J	2018	Konopka AR, Castor WM, Reid J, Schoenberg H, Laurin J, Wolff C, Hamilton K, Miller B (2018) Metformin blunts exercise-induced improvements in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration independent of changes in mitochondrial biogenesis. FASEB J.	Human	Skeletal muscle
Brazdova 2017 MiP2017	2017	Pleiotropic effects of biguanides on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.		Fat
Kopitar-Jerala 2017 Abstract MITOEAGLE Barcelona	2017
Pecinova 2017 MiP2017	2017	Targeting tumor cell proliferation by inhibition of mitochondrial metabolic pathways.
Siewiera 2017 Abstract MITOEAGLE Barcelona	2017	The effect of metformin on blood platelet bioenergetics and platelet function.	Human	Blood cells Platelet
Forbes-Hernandez 2017 MiPschool Obergurgl	2017	The reduction of mitochondrial functionality by a strawberry extract: a mechanism that contributes to its lipid-lowering effect?	Human	Liver
Scatena 2017 MITOEAGLE Obergurgl	2017	Cancer stem cell differentiation induced by PPAR ligands. Which role for an inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain?	Human	Liver
Labieniec-Watala 2017 MiP2017	2017	Lack of the effect of low metformin concentrations on the response of breast cancer cell mitochondria to radiotherapy under conditions of the in vitro experimental hyperglycemia. Labieniec-Watala_Presentation	Human	Genital
Scatena 2017 Abstract MITOEAGLE Barcelona	2017	Mitochondria and cancer stem cells in hepatocarcinoma. An illustrative example of a tangled methodological approach.		Liver
Murphy 2016 Abstract FASEB J	2016	Metformin limits loss of mitochondrial respiration seen with doxorubicin treatment without affecting muscle function.	Mouse	Skeletal muscle
Ehinger 2015 Abstract MiPschool London 2015	2015	Cell-permeable mitochondrial complex II substrates – a new compound class for treatment of complex I-linked mitochondrial disease.	Human	Heart Blood cells Fibroblast
Jana Prado 2014 Abstract MiP2014	2014	Defining the role of mitochondrial electron transfer Complex I on the modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis: effects of metformin on cancer cell metabolism. Mitochondr Physiol Network 19.13.

1. Shehzad A1, Rehman G, Lee YS (2013) Curcumin in inflammatory diseases. Biofactors 39:69-77. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281076
2. Den Hartogh DJ, Gabriel A, Tsiani E (2020) Antidiabetic properties of Curcumin I: Evidence from in vitro studies. Nutrients 12 pii:E118. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31906278
3. Den Hartogh DJ, Gabriel A, Tsiani E (2020) Antidiabetic properties of Curcumin II: Evidence from in vivo studies. Nutrients 12 pii:E58. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31881654
4. Lee ES, Kwon MH, Kim HM, Woo HB, Ahn CM, Chung CH (2019) Curcumin analog CUR5-8 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Metabolism 103:154015. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31758951
5. Liu Y, Weng W, Gao R, Liu Y (2019) New insights for cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and aging-related diseases: herbal medicine as potential therapeutic approach. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019:4598167. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31915506
6. Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Csoka AB, Manaye KF, Copeland RL (2019) Novel targets for parkinsonism-depression comorbidity. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 167:1-24. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31601399
7. Voulgaropoulou SD, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Prickaerts J, Vingerhoets C (2019) The effect of curcumin on cognition in Alzheimer's disease and healthy aging: A systematic review of pre-clinical and clinical studies. Brain Res 1725:146476. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31560864
8. Yang YSH, Li ZL, Shih YJ, Bennett JA, Whang-Peng J, Lin HY, Davis PJ, Wang K (2019) Herbal medicines attenuate PD-L1 expression to induce anti-proliferation in obesity-related cancers. Nutrients 11 pii: E2979. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31817534
9. Rocha-Ferreira E, Sisa C, Bright S, Fautz T, Harris M, Contreras Riquelme I, Agwu C, Kurulday T, Mistry B, Hill D, Lange S, Hristova M (2019) Curcumin: novel treatment in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Front Physiol 10:1351. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31798458
10. Feng D, Zou J, Su D, Mai H, Zhang S, Li P, Zheng X (2019) Curcumin prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in ApoE-/- mice by improving intestinal barrier function and reducing endotoxin and liver TLR4/NF-κB inflammation. Nutr Metab (Lond) 16:79. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31788011
11. Zhao Y, Chen B, Shen J, Wan L, Zhu Y, Yi T, Xiao Z (2017) The beneficial effects of Quercetin, Curcumin, and Resveratrol in obesity. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:1459497. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29138673
12. Jin T, Song Z, Weng J, Fantus IG (2018) Curcumin and other dietary polyphenols: potential mechanisms of metabolic actions and therapy for diabetes and obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 314:E201-5. - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089337
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MitoPedia: mitObesity drugs

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Term	Abbreviation	Description
Aspirin		Aspirin is a widely applied drug that requires dosage adjusted to individual body mass. It is a non-selective COX inhibitor and exerts an effect on long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria.
Curcumin		Curcumin has been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, anti-coagulant and anti-infective effects. The protective effects of curcumin on rat heart mitochondrial injuries induced by in vitro anoxia–reoxygenation were evaluated by Xu et al 2013. It was found that curcumin added before anoxia or immediately prior to reoxygenation exhibited remarkable protective effects against anoxia–reoxygenation induced oxidative damage to mitochondria.
Elamipretide	Bendavia	Bendavia (Elamipretide) was developed as a mitochondria-targeted drug against degenerative diseases, including cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. Clinical trials showed variable results. It is a cationic tetrapeptide which readily passes cell membranes, associates with cardiolipin in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Supercomplex-associated CIV activity significantly improved in response to elamipretide treatment in the failing human heart.
Flavonoids		Flavonoids are a group of bioactive polyphenols with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and in some medicinal herbs. Flavonoids are synthesized in plants from phenylalanine. Dietary intake of flavonoids as nutraceuticals is discussed for targeting T2D and other degenerative diseases.
Melatonin	aMT	Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, aMT) is a highly conserved molecule present in unicellular to vertebrate organisms. Melatonin is synthesized from tryptophan in the pinealocytes by the pineal gland and also is produced in other organs, tissues and fluids (extrapineal melatonin). Melatonin has lipophilic and hydrophilic nature which allows it to cross biological membranes. Therefore, melatonin is present in all subcellular compartments predominantly in the nucleus and mitochondria. Melatonin has pleiotropic functions with powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and oncostatic effects with a wide spectrum of action particularly at the level of mitochondria. » MiPNet article
Metformin		Metformin (dimethylbiguanide) is mainly known as an important antidiabetic drug which is effective, however, in a wide spectrum of degenerative diseases. It is an inhibitor of Complex I and glycerophosphate dehydrogenase complex.
Rapamycin		Rapamycin is an inhibitor of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin, complex 1 (mTORC1). Rapamycin induces autophagy and dyscouples mitochondrial respiration. Rapamycin delays senescence in human cells, and extends lifespan in mice without detrimental effects on mitochondrial fitness in skeletal muscle.
Resveratrol		Resveratrol is a natural bioactive phenol prouced by several plants with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Dietary intake as nutraceutical is discussed for targeting mitochondria with a wide spectrum of action in degenerative diseases.
Spermidine		Spermidine is a polycationic bioactive polyamine mainly found in wheat germ, soybean and various vegetables, involved in the regulation of mitophagy, cell growth and cell death. Like other caloric restriction mimetics, spermidine is effective in cardioprotection, neuroprotection and anticancer immunosuppression by preserving mitochondrial function and control of autophagy.

Healthy reference population

Body mass excess

BFE

BME cutoffs

BMI

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VO2max

mitObesity drugs

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MitoPedia:mitObesity drug