Ginsparg 2017 arXiv

Ginsparg P (2017) Preprint Déjà Vu: an FAQ. arXiv:1706.04188.

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Ginsparg P (2017) arXiv

Abstract: Twenty-six years ago, in August 1991, I spent a couple of afternoons at Los Alamos National Laboratory writing some simple software that enabled a smallgroup of physicists to share drafts of their articles via automated email transactions with acentral repository. Within a few years, the site migrated to the nascent WorldWideWeb asxxx.lanl.gov (renamed to arXiv.org in 1999) and experienced both expansion in coverageand heavy growth in usage that continues to this day. In 1998, I gave a talk to a groupof biologists — including David Lipman, Pat Brown, and Michael Eisen — at a meetingat Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) to describe the sharing of “pre-publication”articles by physicists. The talk was met with some enthusiasm and prompted the “e-biomed” proposal in the following spring (1999) by then NIH director Harold Varmus. He encouraged the creation of an NIH-run electronic archive for all biomedical researcharticles, including both a preprint server and an archive of published peer-reviewed articles, which generated significant discussion. The “e-biomed” proposal soon morphed into what we now know as PubMedCentral(PMC). Participants M. Eisen and P. Brown from the CSHL meeting together with H.Varmus went on to create the Public Library of Science (PLoS). While neither ultimatelyhad a preprint component, both have played leading roles in the open access movement

I agreed to write a commentary [1] on Varmus’ proposal that summer (1999), in part to “comment on some of the attempts in the past half year to isolate physicists, or rather todistinguish their research practices from the rest of the scientific community, in an attemptto assert that what has been so successful and continues to grow ‘couldn’t possibly’ workin say the biological or life sciences.”

• Bioblast editor: Gnaiger E

Some quotes

• Once preprints achieve highernumber, visibility, and easier searchability within a subcommunity, no one can plausiblyclaim they “did not see it”. Biology partitions into subcommunities with sizes rangingfrom many hundreds into the thousands of researchers, just as in physics and other re-search areas, so the self-policing mechanisms can be just as effective.
• But the experience has been that unexpected or rapid progress leads to increased preprintusage within communities, precisely to stake priority claims, and that increased usageremains the norm afterward.
• So far, no communitythat has adopted arXiv for rapid dissemination has since abandoned it.
• Serious researchers typically take the utmost care before submitting toarXiv, precisely because the work will be exposed to the entire world, and naive errorswould be both highly embarrassing and by design not removable.
• The quality control employed by arXiv is unique: not uniquely creative by any means,but unique in its implementation of employing a large group of human moderators (activescientists) to glance at incoming submissions and judge the appropriateness for the subjectarea — usually based just on title/abstract — and for being above some minimal bar ofplausible interest to the research community3. Sometimes the process works better thanjournal review, for instance when moderators work above and beyond the call of duty tospare ill-advised graduate students unnecessary embarrassment (not that it results in muchgratitude [6]).
• Moderators could certainly force retraction or correction, though in practice it is usually readers who notice that something is amiss.
• Sometimes additional suggestions come after the “definitive” journal version is published, in which case the final updated arXiv version can be even more useful to readers.
• Authors are understandably determined to propagate correctinformation whenever possible, so rather than let readers be misinformed or confused, they typically make immediate corrections to a latest arXiv version, since that’s whatmany readers access, either before or after publication elsewhere. This is the inevitable consequence if preprint servers come to be regularly used for archival access.
• arXiv has very vocal users who are not just mildly negativeabout comment threads, but adamantly opposed to having them mediated via the mainsite. This attitude was recently reinforced by a broad user survey. Authors regard the drama-free minimalist dissemination as a prominent virtue, which contributes to arXiv’s success.

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