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Difference between revisions of "Pressure"

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|description='''Pressure''' [Pa = JĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>] is the concentration of the [[force]] at the point of [[action]]. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction.
|description='''Pressure''' [Pa = JĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>] is the concentration of the [[force]] at the point of [[action]]. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction.


In addition to mechanical pressure, hydrostatic pressure, barometric pressure, gas pressure ([[oxygen pressure]]), isomorphic pressures are distinguished as [[osmotic pressure]], [[diffusion pressure]], [[reaction pressure]], and even [[electric pressure]]. In [[ergodynamics]], the pressure in a transformation, Ī”<sub>tr</sub>''Ī '', is the product of [[free activity]] times [[force]], Ī”<sub>tr</sub>''Ī '' = ''Ī±''<sub>tr</sub>Ā·Ī”<sub>tr</sub>''F'' [molĀ·m<sup>-3</sup> Ā· JĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup> = JĀ·m<sup>-3</sup> = Pa]. Ā 
In addition to mechanical pressure, hydrostatic pressure, barometric pressure, gas pressure ([[oxygen pressure]]), isomorphic pressures are distinguished as [[osmotic pressure]], [[diffusion pressure]], [[reaction pressure]], and even [[electric pressure]]. Gas pressure is defined in the fundamental Gas law as ''p'' = ''C''Ā·''kT'' (the product of particle concentration [xĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>] times ''kT'' [JĀ·x<sup>-1</sup>]) or ''p'' = ''c''Ā·''RT'' (amount of substance concentration [molĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>] times ''RT'' [JĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup>]), where ''k'' is the [[Boltzmann constant]], ''R'' is the [[gas constant]], ''T'' is the absolute temperature, and the unit of pressure is [Pa] = [JĀ·m<sup>-3</sup>] = [NĀ·m<sup>-2</sup>].
Ā 
In [[ergodynamics]], the pressure in a transformation, Ī”<sub>tr</sub>''Ī '', is the product of [[free activity]] times [[force]], Ī”<sub>tr</sub>''Ī '' = ''Ī±''<sub>tr</sub>Ā·Ī”<sub>tr</sub>''F'' [molĀ·m<sup>-3</sup> Ā· JĀ·mol<sup>-1</sup> = JĀ·m<sup>-3</sup> = Pa]. Ā 


In the classical physicochemical literature, there is confusion between the terms force and pressure: ''"This force is called the pressure of the gas"'' by [[Maxwell 1867 Phil Trans Royal Soc London |Maxwell (1867)]]; ''"This pressure is osmotic pressure. .. Osmotic forces are in fact .."'' by [[Van't Hoff 1901 Nobel Lecture |van't Hoff 1901]]; ''"Pressure-forces"'' by [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein (1905)]]; presentation of ''Fick's law of diffusion'' (which represents a flux-pressure relationship) as a flux-force relationship by [[Prigogine 1967 Interscience |Prigogine (1967)]].
In the classical physicochemical literature, there is confusion between the terms force and pressure: ''"This force is called the pressure of the gas"'' by [[Maxwell 1867 Phil Trans Royal Soc London |Maxwell (1867)]]; ''"This pressure is osmotic pressure. .. Osmotic forces are in fact .."'' by [[Van't Hoff 1901 Nobel Lecture |van't Hoff 1901]]; ''"Pressure-forces"'' by [[Einstein 1905 Ann Physik 549 |Einstein (1905)]]; presentation of ''Fick's law of diffusion'' (which represents a flux-pressure relationship) as a flux-force relationship by [[Prigogine 1967 Interscience |Prigogine (1967)]].
|info=[[Gnaiger 1989 Energy Transformations]]; [[Gnaiger 2017 MiP2017]]
|info=[[Gnaiger 1989 Energy Transformations]]; [[Gnaiger 2017 MiP2017]]
}}
}}
Ā  Comunicated by [[Gnaiger E |Erich Gnaiger]] 2018-09-16
Ā  Comunicated by [[Gnaiger E |Erich Gnaiger]] 2018-09-16 (last update 2020-02-13)
::::* The prevailing hypothesis of light at the time was that of Descartes. He believed that light was a 'pressure' transmitted through the transparent medium of the ether. Sight, he claimed, was due to this pressure impinging upon the optic nerve. - (White 1997: p 58-59)
::::* The prevailing hypothesis of light at the time was that of Descartes. He believed that light was a 'pressure' transmitted through the transparent medium of the ether. Sight, he claimed, was due to this pressure impinging upon the optic nerve. - (White 1997: p 58-59)
::::* In both the "Hypothesis" of 1675 and the student notebook of 1661-65, Newton tended to attribute gravity to the pressure of a descending aetherial shower. - (Dobbs 1975: p 210)
::::* In both the "Hypothesis" of 1675 and the student notebook of 1661-65, Newton tended to attribute gravity to the pressure of a descending aetherial shower. - (Dobbs 1975: p 210)

Revision as of 23:25, 13 February 2020


high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution


Pressure

Description

Pressure [Pa = JĀ·m-3] is the concentration of the force at the point of action. More generally, pressure is the force times concentration at the interphase of interaction.

In addition to mechanical pressure, hydrostatic pressure, barometric pressure, gas pressure (oxygen pressure), isomorphic pressures are distinguished as osmotic pressure, diffusion pressure, reaction pressure, and even electric pressure. Gas pressure is defined in the fundamental Gas law as p = CĀ·kT (the product of particle concentration [xĀ·m-3] times kT [JĀ·x-1]) or p = cĀ·RT (amount of substance concentration [molĀ·m-3] times RT [JĀ·mol-1]), where k is the Boltzmann constant, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, and the unit of pressure is [Pa] = [JĀ·m-3] = [NĀ·m-2].

In ergodynamics, the pressure in a transformation, Ī”trĪ , is the product of free activity times force, Ī”trĪ  = Ī±trĀ·Ī”trF [molĀ·m-3 Ā· JĀ·mol-1 = JĀ·m-3 = Pa].

In the classical physicochemical literature, there is confusion between the terms force and pressure: "This force is called the pressure of the gas" by Maxwell (1867); "This pressure is osmotic pressure. .. Osmotic forces are in fact .." by van't Hoff 1901; "Pressure-forces" by Einstein (1905); presentation of Fick's law of diffusion (which represents a flux-pressure relationship) as a flux-force relationship by Prigogine (1967).

Abbreviation: P, p, Ī  [Pa]

Reference: Gnaiger 1989 Energy Transformations; Gnaiger 2017 MiP2017

Comunicated by Erich Gnaiger 2018-09-16 (last update 2020-02-13)
  • The prevailing hypothesis of light at the time was that of Descartes. He believed that light was a 'pressure' transmitted through the transparent medium of the ether. Sight, he claimed, was due to this pressure impinging upon the optic nerve. - (White 1997: p 58-59)
  • In both the "Hypothesis" of 1675 and the student notebook of 1661-65, Newton tended to attribute gravity to the pressure of a descending aetherial shower. - (Dobbs 1975: p 210)

References

  • Dobbs BJT (1975) The foundations of Newton's alchemy or "The hunting of the Greene Lyon". Reissued as a paperback 1983. Cambridge Univ Press Cambridge:300 pp. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  • White M (1997) Isaak Newton. The last sorcerer. Fourth Estate, London 402 pp. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  • Maxwell JC ( 1867) On the dynamical theory of gases. Phil Trans Royal Soc London 157:49-88. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  • van't Hoff JH (1901) Osmotic pressure and chemical equilibrium. Nobel Lecture December 13, 1901. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  • Einstein A (1905) Ɯber die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der WƤrme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden FlĆ¼ssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen. Ann Physik 4, XVII:549-60. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  • Prigogine I (1967) Introduction to thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Interscience New York, 3rd ed:147pp. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  • Mitchell P (1966) Chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenergetics 1807 (2011):1507-38. - Ā»Bioblast linkĀ«
  • Gnaiger E (1989) Mitochondrial respiratory control: energetics, kinetics and efficiency. In: Energy transformations in cells and organisms. Wieser W, Gnaiger E (eds), Thieme, Stuttgart:6-17. - Ā»Bioblast link: introducing chemical reaction pressureĀ«


MitoPedia concepts: MiP concept, Ergodynamics