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Bouillaud 2012 Abstract Bioblast

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Bouillaud F (2012) Coming from the dark ages of mitochondria: sulfide a deadly snare, the best redox food and a signal. Mitochondr Physiol Network 17.12.

Link: MiPNet17.12 Bioblast 2012 - Open Access

Bouillaud F (2012)

Event: Bioblast 2012

Sulfide (H2S gas, HS- anion) shows the same toxicity as cyanide, NO or CO for mitochondrial complex IV (cytochrome oxidase). NO, CO and H2S are considered as gasotransmitters of physiological relevance. While signaling is expected to occur by different pathways, the question of involvement of mitochondria remains sometimes unresolved and particularly because some experiments used bioenergetically competent concentrations. Cellular metabolism generates low amount of sulfide and the activity of bacteria in the colonic lumen expose the colonic wall to extracellular concentrations of sulfide [#60µM], large enough to inhibit cellular respiration. Therefore, the question of sulfide disposal needs to be adressed.

Mitochondria themselves appear as best candidate to explain sulfide disposal: a Sulfide Oxidation Unit (SOU) oxidizes sulfide into thiosulfate in many cell types in culture and in mitochondria from liver, heart or kidney. When sulfide is infused to mitochondria or cells at rates that stay within their sulfide oxidation capacities they oxidize it and maintain a low (<500nM with cells) external concentration of sulfide well behind the toxic level (IC50 10-20µM with cells). Notably, SOU activity could not be detected in brain mitochondria or neuroblastoma cells making them intolerant to sulfide. SOU is constituted by a sulfide quinone reductase (SQR) associated with a sulfur transferase and a dioxygenase. Present knowledge indicates that two molecules of H2S and one of oxygen (O2) are consumed by SOU to deliver two electrons to quinone. Then the stoichiometry for mitochondrial respiration based on sulfide oxidation is (1+0.5) O2 / 2 H2S = 0.75 and for the same rate of electron transfer three times more oxygen are needed than with NADH/FADH2 coenzymes. In consequence, infusing sulfide immediately and significantly increases oxygen consumption of respiring cells.

Mitochondria show a high affinity for sulfide and its oxidation usually takes priority over ongoing mitochondrial oxidation processes. Something that is mandatory to ensure efficient sulfide disposal in presence of largely greater intracellular concentrations of other substrates. Extracellular sulfide is therefore a remarkable substrate: it could be used at nanomolar concentrations, its gazeous nature allows fast transfer to mitochondria without transporters, it is directly usable to reduce quinone without metabolic processing (including for example initial ATP consuming steps).

This metabolic role of sulfide and its reductant properties contrast sharply with the other two gazotransmitters and particularly with NO which is pro-oxidant. There are still uncertainties about the lowest concentration of sulfide that SQR would detect but, in physiological conditions, the overlap between « bioenergetically competent » and signaling concentrations appears even more likely with sulfide than with NO or CO.

Colonocytes are adapted to high sulfide exposure. In these cells reverse bioenergetic reactions including reverse electron flux in complex I are taking place to ensure continuation of a fast sulfide oxidation even if complex IV is inhibited.

Keywords: Sulfide, Gazotransmitters, CHO cells, Colonocytes


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Regulation: ATP; ADP; AMP; PCr"ATP; ADP; AMP; PCr" is not in the list (Aerobic glycolysis, ADP, ATP, ATP production, AMP, Calcium, Coupling efficiency;uncoupling, Cyt c, Flux control, Inhibitor, ...) of allowed values for the "Respiration and regulation" property. 


HRR: Oxygraph-2k 





Affiliations and author contributions

Mitochondries, bioenergetique, metabolisme et signalisation - Institut Cochin, INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104 - Universite Paris Descartes, Departement d'Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Cancer 24, Rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques 75 014 Paris, FRANCE; E-mail: [email protected]

Figure 1

Oxygen consumption rate


Figure 1: The oxygen consumption (JO2) of CHO cells in suspension is recorded, the basal rate (black) and in presence of rotenone inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (red) are shown. Sulfide additions are indicated in blue. Addition of the same amount of sulfide (+53nmol in 2ml) has different consequences when it is infused (blue bars) at a rate that matches with the sulfide oxidation capacities of cells (66), exceeds it (166) or added as a single injection (+26µM). Note that the maximal sulfide flux (66) compares well with the initial basal rate of JO2 (100). The increase in JO2 is figured with vertical bars (red/black) with the red repeated side to the black for comparison. The ratio (increase in JO2) / (Sulfide injection rate) provides an indication of the stoichiometry Oxygen/ sulfide. This value is close to the theorical value of 0.75 in presence of rotenone but close to 0.5 for basal. This suggests that electrons from sulfide replaced electrons previously provided to quinone by complex I (priority of sulfide oxidation over other substrates). In contrast, when inhibition by sulfide takes place (+26µM) the length of the horizontal red/black bars (= time to oxidize sulfide) indicates that in these conditions the complex I becomes an opponent to sulfide oxidation probably because of the change in its reduction state.



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