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BME cutoff points

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BME cutoff points

Description

Cutoff points for body mass excess, BME cutoff points, define the critical values for underweight, overweight, obesity and various degrees of obesity. BME cutoffs are calibrated by crossover-points of BME with established BMI cutoffs. The underweight and severe underweight cutoff points are BME = -0.1 and -0.2. The overweight cutoff is BME = 0.2. Increasing degrees of obesity are defined by BME cutoffs of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and above.

Abbreviation: BME cutoff

Reference: Body mass excess

Work in progress by Gnaiger E 2020-01-20 linked to a preprint in preparation on BME and mitObesity.

From BMI to BME

Four allometric phases

The healthy reference population, HRP, is characterized by three allometric phases in childhood to early adolescence (up to 1.26 m height), and a final phase with an exponent of 2.867 (=1/0.35) at heights above 1.26 m, equal in women and men (Fig. 1; green line for M° at BME=0).
HRP BME-cutoffs M-H.png
Figure 1: Figure 1: Four phases of the allometric relationship between body mass, M°, and height, H, in the healthy reference population (HRP), and shift of M at body mass excess, BME, indicating underweight (BME = -0.2 and -0.1) or overweight (BME = 0.2) and increasing degrees of obesity (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, ..). Compared to the HRP (full lines), the body mass index, BMI, assumes a more shallow increase of M with H (dashed lines). The cutoff-crossover point between body mass at BMI=20 kg·m-2 (normal) and BME=0.0 is at 1.7 m (green circle). The cutoff-crossover point between body mass at BMI=25 kg·m-2 (overweight) and BME=0.2 is at 1.79 m (orange circle). The cutoff-crossover point between body mass at BMI=30 kg·m-2 (obese) and BME=0.4 is at 1.84 m (red circle). For body mass at BMI=35 and 40, the corresponding cutoff-crossover points with body mass at BME=0.6 and 0.8 are at 1.89 m and 1.92 m (not shown). For body mass at BMI=18.5 (underweight) and 16 (severe underweight), the corresponding cutoff-crossover points with body mass at BME=-0.1 and -0.2 are at 1.76 m and 1.70 m, respectively. At 1.49 m the precision BMI of 25 does not indicate overweight but obesity (crossover between body mass at BMI=25 and BME=0.4; 1.4M°; vertical arrow upwards). This explains the downwards shift of BMI cutoff-points in Asian populations. At 1.92 m the precision BMI of 20 indicates underweight (crossover between BMI=20 and BME=-0.1; 0.9M°; vertical arrow downwards).


Precision-BMI cutoffs

BMI-BH.png
Figure 2: Comparison of fixed BMI cutoffs (dashed horizonal lines at BMI 16, 18.5, 20, 25, 30 and 35) and precision-BMI cutoffs, BMIx (at BME from -0.2 to +1.0; the numbers x indicate the precision BMIx-cutoff lines), as a function of height in the four phases of the allometric relationship.


The fixed BMI cutoffs at BMI 18.5 kg·m-2 for underweight, or 25 and 30 kg·m-2 for overweight and obese, do not support a general categorization from children to adults, for women and men, or different ethnic groups. The BME concept resolves these limitations. The BME cutoff is -0.1 for underweight. BME cutoffs are 0.2 and 0.4 for overweight and obese for a large range of ethnic groups including white Caucasians, Black Americans and Asians (Inuit are an exception). Differences in height between Caucasians and Asians explain the limitations of fixed BMI cutoffs. The BME-concept rationalizes the necessary adjustments in the BMI cutoffs for Asians, and thus presents precision BMI-cutoffs (Fig. 2).






References

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MitoPedia: BME and mitObesity

» Body mass excess and mitObesity | BME and mitObesity news | Summary |

TermAbbreviationDescription
BME cutoff pointsBME cutoffObesity is defined as a disease associated with an excess of body fat with respect to a healthy reference condition. Cutoff points for body mass excess, BME cutoff points, define the critical values for underweight (-0.1 and -0.2), overweight (0.2), and various degrees of obesity (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and above). BME cutoffs are calibrated by crossover-points of BME with established BMI cutoffs.
Body fat excessBFEIn the healthy reference population (HRP), there is zero body fat excess, BFE, and the fraction of excess body fat in the HRP is expressed - by definition - relative to the reference body mass, M°, at any given height. Importantly, body fat excess, BFE, and body mass excess, BME, are linearly related, which is not the case for the body mass index, BMI.
Body massm [kg]; M [kg·x-1]The body mass M is the mass (kilogram [kg]) of an individual (object) [x] and is expressed in units [kg/x]. Whereas the body weight changes as a function of gravitational force (you are weightless at zero gravity; your floating weight in water is different from your weight in air), your mass is independent of gravitational force, and it is the same in air and water.
Body mass excessBMEThe body mass excess, BME, is an index of obesity and as such BME is a lifestyle metric. The BME is a measure of the extent to which your actual body mass, M [kg/x], deviates from M° [kg/x], which is the reference body mass [kg] per individual [x] without excess body fat in the healthy reference population, HRP. A balanced BME is BME° = 0.0 with a band width of -0.1 towards underweight and +0.2 towards overweight. The BME is linearly related to the body fat excess.
Body mass indexBMIThe body mass index, BMI, is the ratio of body mass to height squared (BMI=M·H-2), recommended by the WHO as a general indicator of underweight (BMI<18.5 kg·m-2), overweight (BMI>25 kg·m-2) and obesity (BMI>30 kg·m-2). Keys et al (1972; see 2014) emphasized that 'the prime criterion must be the relative independence of the index from height'. It is exactly the dependence of the BMI on height - from children to adults, women to men, Caucasians to Asians -, which requires adjustments of BMI-cutoff points. This deficiency is resolved by the body mass excess relative to the healthy reference population.
ComorbidityComorbidities are common in obesogenic lifestyle-induced early aging. These are preventable, non-communicable diseases with strong associations to obesity. In many studies, cause and effect in the sequence of onset of comorbidities remain elusive. Chronic degenerative diseases are commonly obesity-induced. The search for the link between obesity and the etiology of diverse preventable diseases lead to the hypothesis, that mitochondrial dysfunction is the common mechanism, summarized in the term 'mitObesity'.
Healthy reference populationHRPA healthy reference population, HRP, establishes the baseline for the relation between body mass and height in healthy people of zero underweight or overweight, providing a reference for evaluation of deviations towards underweight or overweight and obesity. The WHO Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) on height and body mass refer to healthy girls and boys from Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the USA. The Committee on Biological Handbooks compiled data on height and body mass of healthy males from infancy to old age (USA), published before emergence of the fast-food and soft-drink epidemic. Four allometric phases are distinguished with distinct allometric exponents. At heights above 1.26 m/x the allometric exponent is 2.9, equal in women and men, and significantly different from the exponent of 2.0 implicated in the body mass index, BMI [kg/m2].
Height of humansh [m]; H [m·x-1]The height of humans, h, is given in SI units in meters [m]. Humans are countable objects, and the symbol and unit of the number of objects is N [x]. The average height of N objects is, H = h/N [m/x], where h is the heights of all N objects measured on top of each other. Therefore, the height per human has the unit [m·x-1] (compare body mass [kg·x-1]). Without further identifyer, H is considered as the standing height of a human, measured without shoes, hair ornaments and heavy outer garments.
Lengthl [m]Length l is an SI base quantity with SI base unit meter m. Quantities derived from length are area A [m2] and volume V [m3]. Length is an extensive quantity, increasing additively with the number of objects. The term 'height' h is used for length in cases of vertical position (see height of humans). Length of height per object, LUX [m·x-1] is length per unit-entity UX, in contrast to lentgth of a system, which may contain one or many entities, such as the length of a pipeline assembled from a number NX of individual pipes. Length is a quantity linked to direct sensory, practical experience, as reflected in terms related to length: long/short (height: tall/small). Terms such as 'long/short distance' are then used by analogy in the context of the more abstract quantity time (long/short duration).
MitObesity drugsBioactive mitObesity compounds are drugs and nutraceuticals with more or less reproducible beneficial effects in the treatment of diverse preventable degenerative diseases implicated in comorbidities linked to obesity, characterized by common mechanisms of action targeting mitochondria.
ObesityObesity is a disease resulting from excessive accumulation of body fat. In common obesity (non-syndromic obesity) excessive body fat is due to an obesogenic lifestyle with lack of physical exercise ('couch') and caloric surplus of food consumption ('potato'), causing several comorbidities which are characterized as preventable non-communicable diseases. Persistent body fat excess associated with deficits of physical activity induces a weight-lifting effect on increasing muscle mass with decreasing mitochondrial capacity. Body fat excess, therefore, correlates with body mass excess up to a critical stage of obesogenic lifestyle-induced sarcopenia, when loss of muscle mass results in further deterioration of physical performance particularly at older age.
VO2maxVO2max; VO2max/MMaximum oxygen consumption, VO2max, is and index of cardiorespiratory fitness, measured by spiroergometry on human and animal organisms capable of controlled physical exercise performance on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. VO2max is the maximum respiration of an organism, expressed as the volume of O2 at STPD consumed per unit of time per individual object [mL.min-1.x-1]. If normalized per body mass of the individual object, M [kg.x-1], mass specific maximum oxygen consumption, VO2max/M, is expressed in units [mL.min-1.kg-1].


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