SUIT-040 O2 mt D094

high-resolution terminology - matching measurements at high-resolution

SUIT-040 O2 mt D094

Description

Abbreviation: FAO and NSGp-pathways

Reference: A - SUIT-040 - F-pathway and NSGp-pathway

SUIT number: D094_1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama

The SUIT-040 O2 mt D094 protocol provides a common reference for comparison of respiratory control of mitochondrial preparations such as isolated mitochondria, tissue homogenates and permeabilized cells (already permeabilized when they are added to the chamber) in a wide variety of species, tissues and cell types. SUIT-040 O2 mt D094 is specially designed to give information on F-pathway with palmitoylcarnitine as a FAO substrate in OXPHOS state avoiding FAO overestimation in the presence of anaplerotic pathways. Moreover, the pathway control in OXPHOS state (F, F(N), FN, FNS, FNSGp pathways) and in ET state (FNSGp and SGp) can be evaluated by using this SUIT protocol.

Communicated by Grings M, Cecatto C and Cardoso LHD (last update 2023-04-12)

Representative traces

Steps and respiratory states

Step	State	Pathway	Q-junction	Comment - Events (E) and Marks (M)
1D	ROX			1D ADP is added to stimulate the consumption of endogenous fuel-substrates.
2M.1				1D;2M.1 Low concentration of malate, typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the N-pathway; but saturates the F-pathway.
3Pal	PalM_P	F	FAO	1D;2M.1;3Pal Respiratory stimulation of the FAO-pathway, F, by fatty acid, FA, in the presence of malate, M. Malate is a type N substrate (N), required for the F-pathway. The FA concentration has to be optimized to saturate the F-pathway, without inhibiting or uncoupling respiration.
3c	PalMc_P	F	FAO	1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c Respiratory stimulation of the FAO-pathway, F, by fatty acid, FA, in the presence of malate, M. Malate is a type N substrate (N), required for the F-pathway. The FA concentration has to be optimized to saturate the F-pathway, without inhibiting or uncoupling respiration. OXPHOS capacity P (with saturating [ADP]), active OXPHOS state. Addition of cytochrome c yields a test for integrity of the mtOM (cytochrome c control efficiency). Stimulation by added cytochrome c would indicate an injury of the mtOM and limitation of respiration in the preceding state without added c due to loss of cytochrome c. Typically, cytochrome c is added immediately after the earliest ADP-activation step (OXPHOS capacity P with saturating [ADP]).
4M2	PalM_P	F(N)	FAO	1D;2M.1;3Pal;3c;4M2 Respiratory stimulation of the FAO-pathway, F, by fatty acid FA in the presence of malate M. Malate is a type N substrate (N), required for the F-pathway. In the presence of anaplerotic pathways (e.g., mitochondrial malic enzyme, mtME) the F-pathway capacity is overestimated, if there is an added contribution of NADH-linked respiration, F(N) (see SUIT-002). The FA concentration has to be optimized to saturate the FAO-pathway, without inhibiting or uncoupling respiration. High concentration of malate, typically 2 mM, saturates the N-pathway. OXPHOS capacity P (with saturating [ADP]), active OXPHOS state.
5P	PalPM_P	FN	FAO&CI	1D;2M.1;3Pal;4M2;5P Respiratory stimulation by simultaneous action of the F-pathway and N-pathway with convergent electron flow in the FN-pathway for evaluation of an additive or inhibitory effect of F. OXPHOS capacity P (with saturating [ADP]), active OXPHOS state.
6G	PalPGM_P	FN	FAO&CI	1D;2M.1;3Pal;4M2;5P;6G Respiratory stimulation by simultaneous action of the F-pathway and N-pathway with convergent electron flow in the FN-pathway for evaluation of an additive or inhibitory effect of F. OXPHOS capacity P (with saturating [ADP]), active OXPHOS state.
7S	PalPGMS_P	FNS	FAO&CI&II	1D;2M.1;3Pal;4M2;5P;6G;7S Respiratory stimulation by simultaneous action of the F-pathway, N-pathway, and S-pathway, with convergent electron flow in the FNS-pathway for reconstitution of TCA cycle function and additive or inhibitory effect of F. OXPHOS capacity P (with saturating [ADP]), active OXPHOS state.
8Gp	PalPGMSGp_P	FNSGp	FAO&CI&II&GpDH	1D;2M.1;3Pal;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp Respiratory stimulation by simultaneous action of fatty acid (F), type N substrates (N), succinate (S), and glycerophosphate with convergent electron flow in the FNSGp-pathway to the Q-junction. OXPHOS capacity P (with saturating [ADP]), active OXPHOS state.
9U	PalPGMSGp_E	FNSGp	FAO&CI&II&GpDH	1D;2M.1;3Pal;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U Respiratory stimulation by simultaneous action of fatty acid (F), type N substrates (N), succinate (S), and glycerophosphate with convergent electron flow in the FNSGp-pathway to the Q-junction. Uncoupler titration (avoiding inhibition by high uncoupler concentrations) to obtain electron transfer (ET) capacity E (noncoupled ET-state). Test for limitation of OXPHOS capacity P by the phosphorylation system (ANT, ATP synthase, phosphate transporter) relative to ET capacity E in mt-preparations: E-P control efficiency and E-L coupling efficiency. In living cells: E-R control efficiency and E-L coupling efficiency.
10Rot	SGp_E	SGp	CII&GpDH	1D;2M.1;3Pal;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot Respiratory stimulation by action of succinate and glycerophosphate, Gp, with convergent electron flow in the SGp-pathway (CII&GpDH-linked pathway to the Q-junction). Noncoupled electron transfer state, ET state, with ET capacity E.
11Ama	ROX			1D;2M.1;3Pal;4M2;5P;6G;7S;8Gp;9U;10Rot;11Ama Rox is the residual oxygen consumption in the ROX state, due to oxidative side reactions, estimated after addition of antimycin A (inhibitor of CIII). Rox is subtracted from oxygen flux as a baseline for all respiratory states, to obtain mitochondrial respiration (mt).

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Coupling control

» Coupling control state

» ET capacity

» OXPHOS capacity

» LEAK respiration

Pathway control

» Electron transfer pathway

» Fatty acid oxidation pathway control state, F

» NADH electron transfer-pathway state, N

» Succinate pathway control state, S

» NS-pathway control state, NS

» Glycerophosphate pathway control state, Gp

» Complex IV single step, CIV

» Anaplerotic pathway control state

Main fuel substrates

» Glutamate, G

» Glycerophosphate, Gp

» Malate, M

» Octanoylcarnitine, Oct

» Pyruvate, P

» Succinate, S

Glossary

» List of SUIT states

» SUIT concept

Strengths and limitations

SUIT-040 allows assessing FAO-linked respiration avoiding overestimation by endogenous substrates or malate anaplerosis. Other electron transfer pathways are also analyzed in OXPHOS (FN, FNS, FNSGp) and ET-state (FNSGp, SGp).

+ SUIT-039 allows the depletion of endogenous substrates with ADP (1D).

+ The protocol provides information on F-pathway in OXPHOS state with palmitoylcarnitine, a long-chain acylcarnitine commonly found in vivo.

+ The low concentration of malate used in this protocol to assess F-pathway, typically 0.1 mM, does not saturate the N-pathway; but saturates the F-pathway.

+ F-pathway (3Pal-2M.1) can be compared to FN-pathway (5P) in OXPHOS state.

+ Pathway control in OXPHOS (F, F(N), FN, FNS, FNSGp pathways) and in ET state (FNSGp and SGp) can be observed.

+ Multiple pathways converging into Q (FNSGp) are assessed in OXPHOS and ET states. Therefore, P/E (8Gp/9U) at high ET capacity can be calculated.

- Long duration of the experiment.

- LEAK state is not investigated.

Compare SUIT protocols

SUIT-036_O2_mt_D089: Similar protocol, including malate kinetics to assess mitochondrial malic enzyme and anaplerosis.

SUIT-002 O2 mt D005: Reference protocol SUIT protocol for isolated mitochondria, tissue homogenate and permeabilized cells (already permeabilized). Allows evaluation of FAO with octanoylcarnitine, also without overestimation by using low malate concentration. Besides this, provides information on pathway control in OXPHOS state (F, F(N), FN, FNS, FNSGp pathways) and ET-state (FNSGp, SGp pathways).

SUIT-025_O2_mt_D057: Allows evaluation of FAO with octanoylcarnitine, also without overestimation by using low malate concentration. Besides this, provides information on pathway control in OXPHOS state (F, F(N), FN, FNS pathways).

SUIT-041 O2 mt D096: A protocol to determine the optimum concentration of acylcarnitine.

Chemicals and syringes

Step	Chemical(s) and link(s)	Comments
1D	ADP (D)
2M.1	Malate (M)
3Pal	Palmitoylcarnitine (Pal)
3c	Cytochrome c (c)
4M2	Malate (M)
5P	Pyruvate (P)
6G	Glutamate (G)
7S	Succinate (S)
8Gp	Glycerophosphate (Gp)
9U	Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, CCCP (U)	Can be substituted for other uncoupler
10Rot	Rotenone (Rot)
11Ama	Antimycin A (Ama)

Suggested stock concentrations are shown in the specific DL-Protocol.

References

The project FAT4BRAIN has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 857394

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